Köyceğiz Heritage Museuminitiative
Story 02

Seventy years of the sweetgum

How did the area of Oriental sweetgum in Muğla change over seventy years of forestry records? The chart moves as you scroll; each figure's source sits beneath the stop.

A sweetgum grove and the stream running through it
Water inside the sweetgum forest
Lake Köyceğiz, sunset from a jetty

1,416
hectares

Sweetgum area in Muğla (ha)6,31219494,31619551,33719871,4172016~60% SEPA
Arslan & Şahin 2016 · Tablo 1

Liquidambar orientalis

One tree, one basin

Oriental sweetgum grows wild only in Türkiye and on the island of Rhodes. Its largest stands are here, in the Köyceğiz-Dalyan basin.

Institutional source1712

Photograph: A sweetgum grove and the stream running through it · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

1949

6,312 hectares

According to forestry records, the sweetgum area in Muğla is 6,312 hectares.

Peer-reviewed18

Photograph: Water inside the sweetgum forest · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

1955

A third gone in six years

The area falls to 4,316 hectares: roughly a third in six years.

Peer-reviewed18

Photograph: Water inside the sweetgum forest · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

1987

1,337 hectares

Sweetgum grows on waterlogged soil that is ideal for farming. Part of the forest was felled and part was drained to make way for citrus orchards. By 1987 the recorded area is 1,337 hectares.

Peer-reviewedNGO publication1819

Photograph: Lake Köyceğiz, sunset from a jetty · Köyceğiz · small touch, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

2016

The loss levels off

The Muğla Regional Forest Directorate's figure is 1,416.65 hectares: roughly unchanged since 1987. The project concept file gives a fall from 6,500 to 800 hectares around the lake; that figure is not independently verified and may use a different scale.

Peer-reviewedProject concept file18

Photograph: A sweetgum grove and the stream running through it · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

Today

Six tenths under protection

About 60% of the remaining sweetgum forest, some 770 hectares, lies inside the Köyceğiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area.

NGO publication19

Photograph: Water inside the sweetgum forest · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

Inside the forest

Whose home this forest is

In Muğla's sweetgum forests 108 saproxylic beetle species were counted, 15 of them new records for Türkiye. About 50 bird species have also been recorded in sweetgum forests.

Peer-reviewedNGO publication1319

Photograph: A sweetgum grove and the stream running through it · Köyceğiz · M.Barış Ak, courtesy of the photographer

The museum's work

Recording what remains

The tree has not vanished but has narrowed to a small area; no one yet keeps a record of the tree and the knowledge of working it. Case 03 exists for that.

Proposal

The story ends here; the case is still empty.

There is no room to tell this story. A signature is the first brick of that room.

Story 03Two turtles, two shores

Sources for this page
  1. Institutional source Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, Special Environmental Protection Areas — Köyceğiz-Dalyan booklet (PDF; accessed 26 Aug 2026): c. 1,700 specimens; 924 species and infraspecific taxa in 470 genera and 110 families; 81 endemic and 20 rare species classified under IUCN criteria. source →
  2. Peer-reviewed İ. Harman & M. Avcı, “Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish saproxylic beetle fauna of Anatolian sweetgum forests”, Turkish Journal of Entomology 47/4 (2023), 415–431. 1,302 individuals from two sweetgum plots in Muğla; 108 species in 33 families; 15 new records for the fauna of Türkiye. The study does not give a district-level location, hence “sweetgum forests in Muğla” in the text. source →
  3. Institutional source EUFORGEN (European Forest Genetic Resources Programme), Liquidambar orientalis species page, 2024 (accessed 25 Sep 2026): a relict tree endemic to Türkiye and also found on the island of Rhodes; the same page notes a much wider historical range across Anatolia. source →
  4. Peer-reviewed M. B. Arslan & H. T. Şahin, “A forgotten forest product: the Anatolian sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis Miller)”, Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal 18/1 (2016), 103–117. Table 1: sweetgum area in Muğla 6,312 ha in 1949, 4,316 ha in 1955, 1,337 ha in 1987, 1,416.65 ha in 2016 (Muğla Regional Forest Directorate data). source →
  5. NGO publication O. Ürker, “Sweetgum forests for birds”, Kuş Sesi 3; Doğa Derneği, 24 Nov 2018: about 60% of the remaining sweetgum forest (~770 ha) lies within the Köyceğiz-Dalyan protection area; forests were felled or drained for citrus orchards; about 50 bird species recorded. source →

All sources →

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